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Definition
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory disease of both kidneys predominantly affecting children from ages two to 12. Chronic glomerulonephritis can develop over a period of 10-20 years and is most often associated with other systemic disease, including diabetes, malaria, hepatitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus.
Description
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, bundles of tiny vessels inside the kidneys. The damaged glomeruli cannot effectively filter waste products and excess water from the bloodstream to make urine. The kidneys appear enlarged, fatty, and congested.
Causes and symptoms
Acute glomerulonephritis most often follows a streptococcal infection of the throat or skin. In children, it is most often associated with an upper respiratory infection, tonsillitis, or scarlet fever. Kidney symptoms usually begin two to three weeks after the initial infection. Exposure to certain paints, glue or other organic solvents may also be the causative agent. It is thought that the kidney is damaged with exposure to the toxins that are excreted into the urine.
Mild glomerulonephritis may produce no symptoms, and diagnosis is made with laboratory studies of the urine and blood. Individuals with more severe cases of the disease may exhibit:
• fatigue
• nausea and vomiting
• shortness of breath
• disturbed vision
• high blood pressure
• swelling, especially noted in the face, hands, feet, and ankles
• blood and protein in the urine, resulting in a smoky or slightly red appearance
The individual with chronic glomerulonephritis may discover their condition with a routine physical exam revealing high blood pressure, or an eye exam showing vascular or hemorrhagic changes. The kidneys may be reduced to as little as one-fifth their normal size, consisting largely of fibrous tissues.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of glomerulonephritis is established based on medical history, combined with laboratory studies. A "dipstick" test of urine will reveal increased protein levels. A 24 hour urine collection allows measurement of the excretion of proteins and creatinine. Creatinine clearance from the bloodstream by the kidneys is considered an index of the glomerular filtration rate. Blood studies may reveal a low blood count, and may also be checked for the presence of a streptococcal antibody titer(a sophisticated blood test indicating presence of streptococcal infection). A kidney biopsy may also be performed, using ultrasound to guide the needle for obtaining the specimen.
Treatment
The main objectives in the treatment of acute glomerulonephritis are to:
• decrease the damage to the glomeruli
• decrease the metabolic demands on the kidneys
• improve kidney function
Bedrest helps in maintaining adequate blood flow to the kidney. If residual infection is suspected, antibiotic therapy may be needed. In the presence of fluid overload, diuretics may be used to increase output with urination. Iron and vitamin supplements may be ordered if anemia develops, and antihypertensives, if high blood pressure accompanies the illness. In order to rest the kidney during the acute phase, decreased sodium and protein intake may be recommended. The amount of protein allowed is dependent upon the amount lost in the urine, and the requirements of the individual patient. Sodium limitations depend on the amount of edema present. Fluid restrictions are adjusted according to the patient's urinary output and body weight.
An accurate daily record of the patient's weight, fluid intake and urinary output assist in estimating kidney function. The patient must be watched for signs of complications and recurrent infection. As edema is reduced and the urine becomes free of protein and red blood cells, the patient is allowed to increase activity. A woman who has had glomerulonephritis requires special medical attention during pregnancy.
Prognosis
In acute glomerulonephritis, symptoms usually subside in two weeks to several months, with 90% of children recovering without complications and adults recovering more slowly. Chronic glomerulonephritis is a disease that tends to progress slowly, so that there are no symptoms until the kidneys can no longer function. The resultant renal failure may require dialysis or kidney transplant.
Prevention
Prevention of glomerulonephritis is best accomplished by avoiding upper respiratory infections, as well as other acute and chronic infections, especially those of a streptococcal origin. Cultures of the infection site, usually the throat, should be obtained and antibiotic sensibility of the offending organism determined. Prompt medical assessment for necessary antibiotic therapy should be sought when infection is suspected. The use of prophylactic immunizations is recommended as appropriate.
Resources
Organizations
American Association of Kidney Patients. 100 S. Ashley Dr., #280, Tampa, FL 33602. (800) 749-2257. http://www.aakp.org.
American Kidney Fund (AKF). Suite 1010, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8299. http://216.248.130.102/Default.htm.
National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd St., New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. http://www.kidney.org.
National Kidney Foundation and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390. 〈http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm〉.
Key terms
Dialysis — A process of filtering and removing waste products from the bloodstream. Two main types are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, the blood flows out of the body into a machine that filters out the waste products and routes the cleansed blood back into the body. In peritoneal dialysis, the cleansing occurs inside the body. Dialysis fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and wastes are filtered through the peritoneum, the thin membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs.
Glomeruli — Groups of tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that function as filters in the kidney. Glomeruli become inflamed and are destroyed in the disease process of glomerulonephritis.
Renal — Relating to the kidneys, from the Latin word renes.
Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis /glo•mer•u•lo•ne•phri•tis/ (glo-mer″u-lo-nĕ-fri´tis) nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli.
________________________________________
acute glomerulonephritis an acute form characterized by proteinuria, edema, hematuria, renal failure, and hypertension, sometimes preceded by tonsillitis or febrile pharyngitis.
chronic glomerulonephritis a slowly progressive glomerulonephritis generally leading to irreversible renal failure.
diffuse glomerulonephritis a severe form with proliferative changes in more than half the glomeruli, often with epithelial crescent formation and necrosis; often seen in advanced systemic lupus erythematosus.
IgA glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy; a chronic form marked by a hematuria and proteinuria and by deposits of immunoglobulin A in the mesangial areas of the renal glomeruli, with subsequent reactive hyperplasia of mesangial cells.
lobular glomerulonephritis , membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis a chronic, slowly progressive glomerulonephritis in which the glomeruli are enlarged as a result of proliferation of mesangial cells and irregular thickening of the capillary walls, which narrows the capillary lumina.
membranous glomerulonephritis a form characterized histologically by proteinaceous deposits on the glomerular capillary basement membrane or by thickening of the membrane; clinically resembling chronic glomerulonephritis, occasionally with transient nephrotic syndrome.
mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative g.
Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glo•mer•u•lo•ne•phri•tis (gl -m r y -l -n -fr t s)
n.
Renal disease marked by bilateral inflammatory changes in glomeruli that are not the result of kidney infection. Also called glomerular nephritis.
The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis
[glōmer′yoo͡lōnəfrī′tis]
Etymology: L, glomerulus, small ball; Gk, nephros, kidney, itis
an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema. Kinds of glomerulonephritis are acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and subacute glomerulonephritis. Also called membranous nephropathy.
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis [glo-mer″u-lo-nĕ-fri´tis]
a variety of NEPHRITIS characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic forms and may be secondary to an infection, especially with the hemolytic streptococcus.
Histologic appearance of acute glomerulonephritis. A, Normal glomerulus. B, Glomerulonephritis. The glomerulus appears hypercellular and the capillaries are narrowed or occluded. From Damjanov, 2000.
diffuse glomerulonephritis a severe form of glomerulonephritis with proliferative changes in more than half the glomeruli, frequently with epithelial crescent formation and necrosis; it is often seen in cases of advanced systemic lupus erythematosus.
IgA glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy.
lobular glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) a chronic glomerulonephritis characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and irregular thickening of the glomerular capillary wall. There are two subtypes: Type I is marked by subendothelial deposits and activation of the classic COMPLEMENT pathway. Type II is marked by heavy deposits in the glomerular basement membrane and activation of the alternative COMPLEMENT pathway. Both types occur in older children and young adults and follow a slowly progressing course with irregular remissions ultimately resulting in RENAL FAILURE.
membranous glomerulonephritis a form characterized by proteinaceous deposits on the glomerular capillary basement MEMBRANE or by thickening of the membrane, with circulating antigen-antibody COMPLEXES indicating immune complex disease; it may be secondary to any of numerous other conditions. In some cases it may develop into the nephrotic syndrome. Called also membranous nephropathy.
mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis acute glomerulonephritis marked by a rapid progression to END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE and histologically by profuse epithelial proliferation, often with epithelial crescents; principal signs are anuria, proteinuria, hematuria, and anemia. Plasmapheresis or high doses of corticosteroids may lead to recovery of renal function.
Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis
a variety of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney with secondary tubulointerstitial and vascular changes. It occurs in acute, subacute and chronic forms and may be secondary to infection or immune mechanisms.
________________________________________
immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
caused by deposition of immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane or autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane.
lobular glomerulonephritis
a form in which all glomeruli are affected, with accentuation of the lobulation of the glomerular tufts; it is marked by constant proteinuria and microscopic hematuria.
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
a chronic, slowly progressive glomerulonephritis in which the glomeruli are enlarged as a result of proliferation of mesangial cells and irregular thickening of the capillary walls, which narrows the capillary lumina; the onset is sudden, with hematuria, proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome and a persistent reduction in serum complement levels and deposition of activated complement components in the glomerular capillaries. Occurs in Finnish-Landrace sheep and is the most common glomerulopathy seen in dogs.
membranous glomerulonephritis
diffuse and irregular thickening of the basement membrane where there is diffuse granular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement. The most common type of glomerular disease in cats.
mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
see membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (above).
proliferative glomerulonephritis
glomerular changes are principally those of cellular proliferation.
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis
Nephrology Inflammation of the renal glomeruli, associated with fluid retention, edema, HTN, proteinuria. See Acute glomerulonephritis, Capsular 'drops.', Casts, Chronic glomerulonephritis, Heymann glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1 and 2, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, Crescents, Deciduous tree in winter appearance, Dense deposits, Fingerprints, Fusion of foot processes, Heymann glomerulonephritis, Humps, Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis,'Shunt' nephritis, Spike, Tramtrack pattern.
McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content.
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory disease of both kidneys predominantly affecting children from ages two to 12. Chronic glomerulonephritis can develop over a period of 10-20 years and is most often associated with other systemic disease, including diabetes, malaria, hepatitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus.
Description
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, bundles of tiny vessels inside the kidneys. The damaged glomeruli cannot effectively filter waste products and excess water from the bloodstream to make urine. The kidneys appear enlarged, fatty, and congested.
Causes and symptoms
Acute glomerulonephritis most often follows a streptococcal infection of the throat or skin. In children, it is most often associated with an upper respiratory infection, tonsillitis, or scarlet fever. Kidney symptoms usually begin two to three weeks after the initial infection. Exposure to certain paints, glue or other organic solvents may also be the causative agent. It is thought that the kidney is damaged with exposure to the toxins that are excreted into the urine.
Mild glomerulonephritis may produce no symptoms, and diagnosis is made with laboratory studies of the urine and blood. Individuals with more severe cases of the disease may exhibit:
• fatigue
• nausea and vomiting
• shortness of breath
• disturbed vision
• high blood pressure
• swelling, especially noted in the face, hands, feet, and ankles
• blood and protein in the urine, resulting in a smoky or slightly red appearance
The individual with chronic glomerulonephritis may discover their condition with a routine physical exam revealing high blood pressure, or an eye exam showing vascular or hemorrhagic changes. The kidneys may be reduced to as little as one-fifth their normal size, consisting largely of fibrous tissues.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of glomerulonephritis is established based on medical history, combined with laboratory studies. A "dipstick" test of urine will reveal increased protein levels. A 24 hour urine collection allows measurement of the excretion of proteins and creatinine. Creatinine clearance from the bloodstream by the kidneys is considered an index of the glomerular filtration rate. Blood studies may reveal a low blood count, and may also be checked for the presence of a streptococcal antibody titer(a sophisticated blood test indicating presence of streptococcal infection). A kidney biopsy may also be performed, using ultrasound to guide the needle for obtaining the specimen.
Treatment
The main objectives in the treatment of acute glomerulonephritis are to:
• decrease the damage to the glomeruli
• decrease the metabolic demands on the kidneys
• improve kidney function
Bedrest helps in maintaining adequate blood flow to the kidney. If residual infection is suspected, antibiotic therapy may be needed. In the presence of fluid overload, diuretics may be used to increase output with urination. Iron and vitamin supplements may be ordered if anemia develops, and antihypertensives, if high blood pressure accompanies the illness. In order to rest the kidney during the acute phase, decreased sodium and protein intake may be recommended. The amount of protein allowed is dependent upon the amount lost in the urine, and the requirements of the individual patient. Sodium limitations depend on the amount of edema present. Fluid restrictions are adjusted according to the patient's urinary output and body weight.
An accurate daily record of the patient's weight, fluid intake and urinary output assist in estimating kidney function. The patient must be watched for signs of complications and recurrent infection. As edema is reduced and the urine becomes free of protein and red blood cells, the patient is allowed to increase activity. A woman who has had glomerulonephritis requires special medical attention during pregnancy.
Prognosis
In acute glomerulonephritis, symptoms usually subside in two weeks to several months, with 90% of children recovering without complications and adults recovering more slowly. Chronic glomerulonephritis is a disease that tends to progress slowly, so that there are no symptoms until the kidneys can no longer function. The resultant renal failure may require dialysis or kidney transplant.
Prevention
Prevention of glomerulonephritis is best accomplished by avoiding upper respiratory infections, as well as other acute and chronic infections, especially those of a streptococcal origin. Cultures of the infection site, usually the throat, should be obtained and antibiotic sensibility of the offending organism determined. Prompt medical assessment for necessary antibiotic therapy should be sought when infection is suspected. The use of prophylactic immunizations is recommended as appropriate.
Resources
Organizations
American Association of Kidney Patients. 100 S. Ashley Dr., #280, Tampa, FL 33602. (800) 749-2257. http://www.aakp.org.
American Kidney Fund (AKF). Suite 1010, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8299. http://216.248.130.102/Default.htm.
National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd St., New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. http://www.kidney.org.
National Kidney Foundation and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390. 〈http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm〉.
Key terms
Dialysis — A process of filtering and removing waste products from the bloodstream. Two main types are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, the blood flows out of the body into a machine that filters out the waste products and routes the cleansed blood back into the body. In peritoneal dialysis, the cleansing occurs inside the body. Dialysis fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and wastes are filtered through the peritoneum, the thin membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs.
Glomeruli — Groups of tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that function as filters in the kidney. Glomeruli become inflamed and are destroyed in the disease process of glomerulonephritis.
Renal — Relating to the kidneys, from the Latin word renes.
Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis /glo•mer•u•lo•ne•phri•tis/ (glo-mer″u-lo-nĕ-fri´tis) nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli.
________________________________________
acute glomerulonephritis an acute form characterized by proteinuria, edema, hematuria, renal failure, and hypertension, sometimes preceded by tonsillitis or febrile pharyngitis.
chronic glomerulonephritis a slowly progressive glomerulonephritis generally leading to irreversible renal failure.
diffuse glomerulonephritis a severe form with proliferative changes in more than half the glomeruli, often with epithelial crescent formation and necrosis; often seen in advanced systemic lupus erythematosus.
IgA glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy; a chronic form marked by a hematuria and proteinuria and by deposits of immunoglobulin A in the mesangial areas of the renal glomeruli, with subsequent reactive hyperplasia of mesangial cells.
lobular glomerulonephritis , membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis a chronic, slowly progressive glomerulonephritis in which the glomeruli are enlarged as a result of proliferation of mesangial cells and irregular thickening of the capillary walls, which narrows the capillary lumina.
membranous glomerulonephritis a form characterized histologically by proteinaceous deposits on the glomerular capillary basement membrane or by thickening of the membrane; clinically resembling chronic glomerulonephritis, occasionally with transient nephrotic syndrome.
mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative g.
Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glo•mer•u•lo•ne•phri•tis (gl -m r y -l -n -fr t s)
n.
Renal disease marked by bilateral inflammatory changes in glomeruli that are not the result of kidney infection. Also called glomerular nephritis.
The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis
[glōmer′yoo͡lōnəfrī′tis]
Etymology: L, glomerulus, small ball; Gk, nephros, kidney, itis
an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema. Kinds of glomerulonephritis are acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and subacute glomerulonephritis. Also called membranous nephropathy.
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis [glo-mer″u-lo-nĕ-fri´tis]
a variety of NEPHRITIS characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic forms and may be secondary to an infection, especially with the hemolytic streptococcus.
Histologic appearance of acute glomerulonephritis. A, Normal glomerulus. B, Glomerulonephritis. The glomerulus appears hypercellular and the capillaries are narrowed or occluded. From Damjanov, 2000.
diffuse glomerulonephritis a severe form of glomerulonephritis with proliferative changes in more than half the glomeruli, frequently with epithelial crescent formation and necrosis; it is often seen in cases of advanced systemic lupus erythematosus.
IgA glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy.
lobular glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) a chronic glomerulonephritis characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and irregular thickening of the glomerular capillary wall. There are two subtypes: Type I is marked by subendothelial deposits and activation of the classic COMPLEMENT pathway. Type II is marked by heavy deposits in the glomerular basement membrane and activation of the alternative COMPLEMENT pathway. Both types occur in older children and young adults and follow a slowly progressing course with irregular remissions ultimately resulting in RENAL FAILURE.
membranous glomerulonephritis a form characterized by proteinaceous deposits on the glomerular capillary basement MEMBRANE or by thickening of the membrane, with circulating antigen-antibody COMPLEXES indicating immune complex disease; it may be secondary to any of numerous other conditions. In some cases it may develop into the nephrotic syndrome. Called also membranous nephropathy.
mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis acute glomerulonephritis marked by a rapid progression to END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE and histologically by profuse epithelial proliferation, often with epithelial crescents; principal signs are anuria, proteinuria, hematuria, and anemia. Plasmapheresis or high doses of corticosteroids may lead to recovery of renal function.
Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis
a variety of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney with secondary tubulointerstitial and vascular changes. It occurs in acute, subacute and chronic forms and may be secondary to infection or immune mechanisms.
________________________________________
immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
caused by deposition of immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane or autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane.
lobular glomerulonephritis
a form in which all glomeruli are affected, with accentuation of the lobulation of the glomerular tufts; it is marked by constant proteinuria and microscopic hematuria.
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
a chronic, slowly progressive glomerulonephritis in which the glomeruli are enlarged as a result of proliferation of mesangial cells and irregular thickening of the capillary walls, which narrows the capillary lumina; the onset is sudden, with hematuria, proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome and a persistent reduction in serum complement levels and deposition of activated complement components in the glomerular capillaries. Occurs in Finnish-Landrace sheep and is the most common glomerulopathy seen in dogs.
membranous glomerulonephritis
diffuse and irregular thickening of the basement membrane where there is diffuse granular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement. The most common type of glomerular disease in cats.
mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
see membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (above).
proliferative glomerulonephritis
glomerular changes are principally those of cellular proliferation.
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved
________________________________________
glomerulonephritis
Nephrology Inflammation of the renal glomeruli, associated with fluid retention, edema, HTN, proteinuria. See Acute glomerulonephritis, Capsular 'drops.', Casts, Chronic glomerulonephritis, Heymann glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1 and 2, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, Crescents, Deciduous tree in winter appearance, Dense deposits, Fingerprints, Fusion of foot processes, Heymann glomerulonephritis, Humps, Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis,'Shunt' nephritis, Spike, Tramtrack pattern.
McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content.
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